• The Leningrad Codex and Aleppo Codex
  • Guttenberg Bible, printed in Germany in 1455
  • Biblia Hebraica by Rudolph Kittel
    • Later editions become the textus receptus for the New American Standard Bible
  • Septuagint and Masoretic Text
  • Jerome creates the translation known as the Vulgate in Latin
  • The Apocryphal books were all written in Greek in the time between the Old and New Testaments.
  • Textual criticism
  • Dead Sea Scrolls
    • Discovered in 1947, they are traditionally associated with the Essenes, a Jewish sect alongside the Pharisees andSadducees.
    • The two copies of Isaiah prove to be more than 95% identical with the Masoretic text. The errors were primarily spelling and obvious slips of the pen.
  • Canon of the Old and New Testament
    • According to the Hebrew organization of the Old Testament, there were 22 books.
    • The Apocrypha