Introduction

Hostile and secular writers

Tacitus, Annals XV.44 (AD 110-120)

  • He mentioned Jesus as a historical figure who was executed by Pilate. He also mentioned the persecution of Christians.

Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (AD 120)

  • Reference to Claudius persecuting Jews (see Acts 18:1-2).

Pliny the Younger, Letter 96 (AD 110)

  • Reference to persecution of Christians.

Lucian of Samosata, The Death of Peregrine (AD 125-180)

  • Reference to Christians, their beliefs, and their “crucified sage.”

Mara bar Serapion, Letter (AD 70)

  • Reference to Jesus as a real person.

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews (AD 93-94)

  • Born AD 37
  • Pharisee at age 19
  • Later, a historian for the Romans.
  • He made reference to Jesus, His brother James, His miracles, and His resurrection (see Matthew 13:55).

Christian writers

  • Clement of Rome (AD 30-100)
  • Polycarp (AD 69-155)
  • Ignatius (AD 70-110)
  • Justin Martyr (AD 100-165)
  • Quadratus (AD 125)
  • Irenaeus (AD 130-202)
  • Aristides (2nd century AD)
  • Clement of Alexandria (AD 150-215)
  • Tertullian (AD 160-215)
  • Origen (AD 185-253)

Conclusion